Internal Assesment "heuristics tversky and kahneman"

Heuristic is enabling a person to discover or learn something for them selves, this is when a person is undergoing pressure and cant really have the pressure and control it. Tversky and Kahenman proposed them selves to judge the situation that the participants were placed in. Also with this pressured placed on them they are preparing themselves for their awnser. But really they need to handle the relevant information needed to make a perfect decision. They both took the easy way preforming a heuristic. In 1973 Tversky and Kahenman had proposed that their hypothesis what that if the participant if placed under pressure a certain event will occur when often based on the number of related instances which can be really recall. In our experiment we will be placing many of the famous people in one column and any random names placed in another column. This will be tested as following the participant will be shown this list and then they will have a certain amount of time to read this list. Later when the time is or they will be handed a sheet a paper and a pencil they will write down as many names they remember. The results of the original experiment were that the most famous names where remembered and the rest of the names were forgotten, this happened because the names remembered where the one’s the participants related to so they remembered them easily but the random names where the least remembered, because the participant does not relate to them as well as they relate with the names of the famous people. Tversky and Kahenman had a conclusion about their experiment and it tell that most of the participants results were optimists meaning the were favorable to their hypothesis of how the participants would relate more to the names they were more related than the names that they were lease related to. Many heuristics have been preformed but they are not as successful as Tversky and Kahenman because they did a minute work planing the names and the participants. The participants were teen and they choose the artists or role models of the teens so they could remember of then and the other names where totally at random. In conclusion this experiment is really interesting how they play with the participants mind to have their hypothesis states as a fact and not as false.

The Placebo Effect - Is it real or just imagined?

According to dictionary. com the placebo effect is a beneficial effect, produced by a placebo drug or treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment. the experiment that Beeches’ preformed was evaluating 15 clinics trials experimenting different diseases and he found that a 3% of the patients were sactifactory with the placebo effect alone with out any medication. but in modern time the rest of the experiments have shown that more than the 50% have been effective by the participants towards the placebo effect. But it has been proved that some mother n drugs are more effective than the placebo effect. Some important information was that he only recorded the people that were successful with the pelcbo effect and he did not record the people that were not successful in the experiment. Through the placebo effects there has been studies many cases and there is no adequate evidence from studies that this new drug is successful.

There may also be an side effect to this treatment and how the patient reacts to this new drug and how the body also does. This experiment and the treatment may be very riskful because of the factors that apply or affect many treatments also evaluating the treatments may be very difficult. All this factors make my opinion that the placebo effect is really helpful in some situations but in others there might be some complication towards what is happening to the people that are taking the experiment in my opinion many factors are involved to se this effect succeed like the background of this people or the ethics. Like if taking a pill what would be the reaction to the pill if the patient is not taking it or he or she is to taking this procedure seriously, in conclusion i think that this effect does work.

ARE MEMORIES THE SAME?

In the first article it describes that there is a a gender difference and it is favoring to woman. Woman are better at remembering various things like names, objects and every day events. One the other hand men remember things like non linguistic information and a good example that the article says is that the man can remember their way out of the woods, and that women are most likely to least remember the path. The experiment that this actricle performs is showing faces and the participant has to say if it is a male or female face. the results were in that the women could identify the faces more acuertly than the men did. In the second article it describes about cultural differences, it describes that child hood amnesia. We forted what we lived for three and half years but then we can remember most things later on from the three years. The most important is that it depends that where you where raised how long will you remember the memories that had occurred, because a person from New Zealand was asked one of her memories and she said that she remember going to a funeral when she was two and half years old.

Alzheimer’s Disease

The Alzheimer’s Disease is when there is partial or total loss of memory. There is still no cure for this disease but there is a medication that can slower the stages. Alzheimer is most common on older people when your are 65 years old the probabilities get higher. this are some common symptoms of Alzheimer disease.

“Common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include:

• Impaired memory and thinking — The person has difficulty remembering things or learning new information. Long-term memory loss occurs when the person can’t remember personal information, such as his or her place of birth or occupation.
• Disorientation and confusion — People with Alzheimer’s disease might get lost when out on their own, and might not be able to remember where they are or how they got there. They also might not recognize previously familiar places and situations.
• Misplacing things — The person forgets where he or she put things used every day, such as glasses, hearing aids, keys, etc. The person also might put things in strange places, such as leaving their glasses in the refrigerator.
• Abstract thinking — People with Alzheimer’s disease might find certain tasks—such as balancing a checkbook—more difficult than usual. For example, they might forget what the numbers mean and what needs to be done with them.
• Trouble performing familiar tasks — The person begins to have difficulty performing daily tasks, such as eating, dressing, and grooming.
• Changes in personality and behavior — The person becomes unusually angry, irritable, restless, or quiet.
• Poor or decreased judgment — The person has difficulty making decisions and cannot grasp consequences.
• Inability to follow directions — The person has difficulty understanding simple commands or directions. The person might get lost easily and begin to wander.
• Problems with language and communication — The person can’t recall words or understand the meaning of common words.
• Impaired visuospatial skills — The person loses spatial abilities (the ability to judge shapes and sizes, and the relation of objects in space), and can’t arrange items in a certain order or recognize shapes.
• Social withdrawal — The person begins to spend more time alone and is less willing to interact with others.
• Loss of motivation or initiative — The person might become very passive and require prompting to become involved.” (http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/Alzheimers_Disease/hic_Symptoms_of_Alzheimers_Disease.aspx)

The video we saw in class showed the different stages that this dieaseas has. the first stage was a woman that was diagnose 2 month’s ago and se ant remember who was the president before Bush, she explains that se meets people and interacts which them but 10 min later she can’t remember their name. Later there is an example of another older woman that she wants to drive but really she cant remember the traffic sign’s, we also see an example of a old man who was a TV presenter and he died because of this ideas, he alusinated that he was in the TV show and we saw how he died.

The Language Of Emotion: Ad Slogans In Native Tongues Connect To Consumers' Emotions

Article 3 (The Language Of Emotion: Ad Slogans In Native Tongues Connect To Consumers' Emotions)

In this article the experiment is about how our language or how each language has and offensive side if you speak more than one language. Authors Stefano Puntoni, Bart de Langhe, and Stijn van Osselaer from Erasmus University, the Netherlands. They concluded that the native language of a person is more emotional that their second or third language. That the native language or their maternal language is the most expressive and emotional relating to messages expressed. But this depends on the persons memory and capacity of handling the language, the results of this experiment were in “the course of their study, the researchers found that the effect is more pronounced in women than in men. They believe that women have a stronger memory for emotional events than men”. This research can apply to real life because and example is my fiend she cant express her self when she is angry in english she has to saw everything in spanish, another example s when and english teacher explains a topic in class she or he express in english because they know spanish but they don't manage it well.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215111433.htm

The Memories You Want To Forget Are The Hardest Ones To Lose

Article 2 (The Memories You Want To Forget Are The Hardest Ones To Lose)

This article is about how we want to forget something that we saw but it is really hard and it keeps coming in our memory. Keith Payne, an assistant professor of psychology in the College of Arts and Sciences was the person that conducted this experiment. Another important thing that Payne said is that when our memory forgets about events or stuff like phone numbers or directions, our memory updates with new information. An example of one if when i get a bad grade on a math test I never forget about it, or when someone says a negative comment towards me it is really hard to forget. The results are in “Their results contrast with previous studies of emotional events and intentional forgetting, but those studies used emotion-laden words as stimuli, like "death" and "sex." The UNC study took a new approach, asking 218 participants to react to photographs instead of text.”

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070815105026.htm

New Understanding Of How We Remember Traumatic Events

Article 1 (New Understanding Of How We Remember Traumatic Events)
This article was by a Neuroscientists that preformed tis experiment at The University of Queensland he has discovered a new way to explain how emotional events can sometimes lead to disturbing long term memories. Dr. Louise Faber and some of her collages have demonstrated that people do not want to remember traumatic events with such detail so they have said that the formation of the emotional memories occur in the presence of a hormone that is known as the stress hormone. Stress hormones rise in the body during any neuroendocrine reaction such as surgery and they remain high to as long as 72 hours after which all these hormones return back to their normal level, the last being cortisol. It makes your heart beat faster. This treatment can now be used for people with anxiety disorders and post traumatic stress disorder. In real life we could use this treatment is we have had a emotions that we want to erase it from our long term memory, or if you had a car accident the stress hormone would be affected.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081028103111.htm

What Is Memory - How Does It Work?

1. Explain the concept of sensory memory.
Sensory memory contains information received immediately from a person since into the human brain.

2. Give an example of sensory memory.
When I’m eating my favorite food, or when in touching something and you only feel it for the moment.

3. What is the capacity of our sensory memory?
The capacity depends if it is visual sensory memory or auditory sensory memory, if it is ionic memory it lasts less than one second, and if it is echoic memory it lasts less than four seconds. The visual and auditory memory are the most frequently used but there are also the olfactory, the tactile and taste memories that are the less common.

4. Describe the concept of short-term memory.
The concept of short term memory is the capacity of holding small amount of information which are active but for a short period of time. This is also known as a stage of sensory memory.

5. What is the "magic number" as it relates to short-term memory and who conducted the experiment which established this measurement?
7 +/- 2 and George Miller conducted this experiment.

6. What is chunking?
Chunking is the process with which we can expand our ability to remember things in the short term. It is also a process by which a person organizes material into meaningful groups.

7. What has been determined to be the ideal size of "chunks" for both letters and numbers?
The chunking size for numbers is 3 to 4 and the chunking letters are 3


8. Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?
The most repayable is acoustic for the short term memory.
9. Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.
The capacity for storage is organized into schemas, long term memory also has a strong influence on perception through top-down processing, our prior knowledge affects how we perceive sensory information.

10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory was what presented the Sensory memory. There are two types of sensory memory the short term memory and the long term memory, but there also are two sensory memory systems the Iconic memory and the Echoic memory. The Iconic Memory: its capacity is the visual system the duration is about 0.5 to 1.0 second. The Echoic Memory its capacity is hearing and the duration is about 4 to 5 seconds, which it becomes the most relayable to the sensory memory. The short term memory the capacity is about 7+/- 2 chunks of information, the duration is about 18 to 20 seconds, and its function is to hold information in the short term memory part of the brain. The long term memory of the brain the function is to permantly store memory in which holds information for a long period of time. The capacity if unlimited and the duration it life time.

11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
1. The sensory stores are sensory systems, not memory systems as most people think of the term "memory." 2. The three-box model suggests that there is nothing in between short-term and long-term memory. However, evidence shows that information can reside somewhere between the extremes of active attention and long-term storage. Memories can be "warmed up" but outside of attention. In other words, intermediate levels of activation are possible. 3. The three-box model implies that there is just one short-term system and just one long-term system. In reality, there are many memory systems operating in parallel (for example, different systems for vision, language, and odor memory). Each has short-term and long-term operations. 4) The Atkinson-Shiffrin model does not give enough emphasis to unconscious processes. Unconscious activation is shown with a tentative, dotted arrow. Modern researchers find that unconscious and implicit forms of memory are more common than consciously directed memory processes.



12. Explain the Levels of Processing Model of memory.
Shallow processing refers to a mode of thinking about material. In it, one pays attention only to appearances and other superficial aspects of the material. Shallow processing typically leads to poor memory retention, and the second level Deep processing refers to a process that can help retrieve information from long-term memory. The Deep processing is better that the shallow processing because the deep processing is more efficient that the shallow processing.

13. What is maintenance rehearsal - give an example.
Is a type of rehearsal proposed by Craik and Lockhart in their Levels of Processing Model of memory. Maintenance rehearsal involves rote repetition of an item's auditory representation. In contrast to elaborative rehearsal, this type of rehearsal does not lead to stronger or more durable memories.

14. What is elaborative rehearsal - give an example.
Is a type of rehearsal proposed by Craik and Lockhart in their Levels of Processing model of memory. In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple rote repetition, elaborative rehearsal involves deep semantic processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories. An example can be when i relate two acomplishments so it has more meaning.

15. Who developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
The levels of processing model of memory were put forward partly as a result of the criticism leveled at the multi-store model. It was developed by Craik and Lockhart, in the year 1972.


Bibliography:
http://www.psychology-lexicon.com/cms/glossary/glossary-d/deep-processing.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/ambart/PSY_325/Levels.htm
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch06_memory/criticisms_of_the_classic_three-box_model.html
http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/AtkinsonShifrin.html

VIDEO How Does Your Memory Work?

This video was shocking to me because in the first part it talks about how childhood amnesia affects adulthood. Also how your memory shapes your personality. I learned that the babies they are not conceit that they exits as with the experiment with the paint in their nose the babies all touche the mirror instead of their nose. Later in the video they show us that some of the children do what the professor is waiting them to to, touch their nose that has paint. Also how the same two kids passes both of the experiments they were the oldest. the second experiment also was shocking knowing that only two of the children remembered where was the lion. when the video introduced us the man I thought he was in perfect conditions but he wasn’t he was born prematurely and that affected his memory, it felt horrifying knowing that you do actions and can’t remember or something that you have just seen. It was also impacting when the 16 people are experimented in the scanner and the brain does the same when it remembers actions that have occurred and dreams about the future. Also i learned that until we are 25 our brain is completely developed, and also how “propane” a drug helped tone dow he memory. In conclusion this video had me reflect about our memory and how others can influence in our memories.

The Stroop Effect

1- The backgrounds of this experiment: the inventor of the experiments was J.R. Stroop. But really was original worked by J.M. Cattell in 1885. Objects and colors took longer to name than corresponding words. Stroop had two mayor questions what effect each dimension of the compound stimulus would have trying to name the other dimension? And the other question was what effect practice would have trying to name the other dimension. He came up with tree experiments.
2- To conduct these experiment first do the chart at the right. It needs to be in color so that the people you experiment on can have the concept of the experiment. Then get some people and a stopwatch, later time each one, and record how they do to compare them. After that record the data of each one and then you will see the difference between people that can handle reading more or confusing more.
3- The results are that words evoked a single reading response whereas colors evoked multiple responses and that naming the colors was much slower that reading them.
4- This results are that in the fist part of the experiment they familiarize with only reading the word but in the second half of the experiment it is harder to not read but to identify the color.

Journal 6 the Myth of Multytasking

1- It is considered by many psychologists a myth because humans can’t really be doing two actions at a time there is the chance o doing things in between each other but not all at the same time.
2- An example is when there is traffic and there is a crash and there are many lanes the traffic will get slower. That is an example of the bottleneck that it comes from with pressure so it goes slower.
3- This is important so like business men that are really into their job they can realize many work at the same time and not feeling stressed because he thinks that he will finish all the work he needs to do. Also realizes adrenaline because of the various movements that the person performing the tasks is doing by ending a task ad starting another.
4- Russell Podrack found that “multitasking adversely affects how you learn. Even if you learn while multitasking, that learning is less flexible and more specialized, so you cannot retrieve the information as easily.” This is according to the article “the Myth of multitasking” by Cristine Rosen
5- The author concludes with a few paragraphs talking about what is multitasking that when we are talking about multitasking we are saying the art of multitasking or the attention that we are dedicating to our work and that that is the important objective at multitasking, and that with all the new technology there is cultures can gain their information easier than before. also that pot smokers are more productive than normal people.

Mbuti

The Mbuti Pygmies of Congo's Ituri forest have survived a brutal civil war and chaotic aftermath. But peace with its inevitable land rush poses an even greater threat. This was according to a publishment in the national geographic magazine. Mbuti or known as the Bambuti are one of several of many indigenous pygmy groups in the world they are located in Africa in the Congo region, the origin of there languages ordinates fron the Central Sudanic. They live in villages that are categorized as bands. Each hut houses a family unit. At the start of the dry season, they leave the village to enter the forest and set up a series of camps. are primarily hunter-gatherers, foraging for food in the forest. The Bambuti have a vast knowledge about the forest and the foods it yields. They collect an assortment of food like animals, fruits, and vegetables. Hunting is usually done in groups, with men, women, and children all aiding in the process. Women and children are not involved if the hunting involves the use of a bow and arrow, but if nets are used, it is common for everyone to participate. In some instances women may hunt using a net more often than men. The women and the children try to herd the animals to the net, while the men guard the net. Everyone engages in foraging, and women and men both take care of the children. Turnbull discovered every aspect of life of the bambuti they only were related to the forest. Everything in the Bambuti life is centered on the forest. They consider the forest to be their great protector and provider and believe that it is a sacred place. They sometimes call the forest “mother” or “father.”

Colin Turnbull

Colin Macmillan TUrnbull he was a famous anthropologist that dedicated his life and attention to the forest people, he worked in the field of ethnomusicology, that is the study of the different musics of the different countries in the world. Colin Turnbull he was born in London ad educated in Westminster School later he went on to Magdalen College, Oxford, there he study politics and philosophy. Later he was awarded to the university of India because he volunteered at the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, where there he got a master in the Indian Religion and Philosophy. later on in his life he then gradated from Banaras Hindu university in India. after his graduation he travels thru India with an Ohio school teacher he had meet, and starting studying the Bam Buti during this time period. Dr. Turnbull was particularly known for two starkly contrasting books based on fieldwork in Africa. One, "The Forest People" , is mainly about a group of pygmy hunters and gatherers in what is now Zaire. He depicted them as having made a skilled adjustment to a not-so-arduous forest existence, a happy people with a remarkably free and fair society.

When the book appeared, it was lauded, and it has become a standard anthropological text. The other book, "The Mountain People" is a shocking portrait of the Ik, a hapless and dwindling hunting people in northern Uganda. The Ik had been deprived of their hunting grounds and had come to lead a demoralized, dog-eat-dog life on the edge of starvation. The book became a best seller and was praised as a powerful depiction of evil. His other books include "The Human Cycle" which is about the ways in which different cultures organize the main phases of a person's life, from childhood to old age.

My Perception!

5 things i hate

reciving an email form the principal

getting back a bad grade

going hiking

i hate cocoroches

my computer ruining

5 things i like

watching pineas and ferb

listening to music

going to a party

opening a new tecnological device

bb with my bb

What Factors Influence Our Perception?

People’s behaviour and judgment is based on their perception, they don’t see reality itself. They interpret what they see and call it reality. ~ Rahim Poonjani. The internal factors are the ones that come from inside, like feelings and motivation that are the same of the feelings that come for inside of your body. They are proposition that our mind propose to do or react in any scenario of life. Also like emotions every time in life there is an emotion that our body reacts to be as, if we are sad or really excited, or anxiety. Also know something’s comes from inside our body because of the feelings. Some of the external factors that influence our perception are external things like the economic stability or the problems that a family’s may have in every day of life. There is a very common factor like money and ethnic identity what is your position in the life or in the social class. Motivation, prior learning and personality can enhance or dull our perceptions. We learn to receive some messages and to block out others.

Perception is Reality?

Perception is Reality! The definition of perception is the act or faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding. This definition was according to “Dictionary.com”. Perception is the oldest field in psychology. Every human has a different perception of every place in the world, even if it is in the same room. The processes of perception routinely alter what humans see. When people view something with a preconceived concept about it, they tend to take those concepts and see them whether or not they are there. This problem stems from the fact that humans are unable to understand new information. The brain of every human has a different perception of every situation in life whether it’s in the same classroom or in the same mountain of room. But the human brain also has every memory that the person has experience with in their life even though the person doesn’t remember about it but the memory is saved. Also when the human is sleeping he or she can dream events that had not happen to them but they have seen them by movies, TV shows, or pictures. Every perception in every human is exactly opposite they are never the same.

Why Psycology?

Psychology is important in life because is the study of the human behavior. It can be very usefully in every way in life because we can study perception and its meaning and all the human interactions with one another. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in human bean.