What Is Memory - How Does It Work?

1. Explain the concept of sensory memory.
Sensory memory contains information received immediately from a person since into the human brain.

2. Give an example of sensory memory.
When I’m eating my favorite food, or when in touching something and you only feel it for the moment.

3. What is the capacity of our sensory memory?
The capacity depends if it is visual sensory memory or auditory sensory memory, if it is ionic memory it lasts less than one second, and if it is echoic memory it lasts less than four seconds. The visual and auditory memory are the most frequently used but there are also the olfactory, the tactile and taste memories that are the less common.

4. Describe the concept of short-term memory.
The concept of short term memory is the capacity of holding small amount of information which are active but for a short period of time. This is also known as a stage of sensory memory.

5. What is the "magic number" as it relates to short-term memory and who conducted the experiment which established this measurement?
7 +/- 2 and George Miller conducted this experiment.

6. What is chunking?
Chunking is the process with which we can expand our ability to remember things in the short term. It is also a process by which a person organizes material into meaningful groups.

7. What has been determined to be the ideal size of "chunks" for both letters and numbers?
The chunking size for numbers is 3 to 4 and the chunking letters are 3


8. Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?
The most repayable is acoustic for the short term memory.
9. Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.
The capacity for storage is organized into schemas, long term memory also has a strong influence on perception through top-down processing, our prior knowledge affects how we perceive sensory information.

10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory was what presented the Sensory memory. There are two types of sensory memory the short term memory and the long term memory, but there also are two sensory memory systems the Iconic memory and the Echoic memory. The Iconic Memory: its capacity is the visual system the duration is about 0.5 to 1.0 second. The Echoic Memory its capacity is hearing and the duration is about 4 to 5 seconds, which it becomes the most relayable to the sensory memory. The short term memory the capacity is about 7+/- 2 chunks of information, the duration is about 18 to 20 seconds, and its function is to hold information in the short term memory part of the brain. The long term memory of the brain the function is to permantly store memory in which holds information for a long period of time. The capacity if unlimited and the duration it life time.

11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
1. The sensory stores are sensory systems, not memory systems as most people think of the term "memory." 2. The three-box model suggests that there is nothing in between short-term and long-term memory. However, evidence shows that information can reside somewhere between the extremes of active attention and long-term storage. Memories can be "warmed up" but outside of attention. In other words, intermediate levels of activation are possible. 3. The three-box model implies that there is just one short-term system and just one long-term system. In reality, there are many memory systems operating in parallel (for example, different systems for vision, language, and odor memory). Each has short-term and long-term operations. 4) The Atkinson-Shiffrin model does not give enough emphasis to unconscious processes. Unconscious activation is shown with a tentative, dotted arrow. Modern researchers find that unconscious and implicit forms of memory are more common than consciously directed memory processes.



12. Explain the Levels of Processing Model of memory.
Shallow processing refers to a mode of thinking about material. In it, one pays attention only to appearances and other superficial aspects of the material. Shallow processing typically leads to poor memory retention, and the second level Deep processing refers to a process that can help retrieve information from long-term memory. The Deep processing is better that the shallow processing because the deep processing is more efficient that the shallow processing.

13. What is maintenance rehearsal - give an example.
Is a type of rehearsal proposed by Craik and Lockhart in their Levels of Processing Model of memory. Maintenance rehearsal involves rote repetition of an item's auditory representation. In contrast to elaborative rehearsal, this type of rehearsal does not lead to stronger or more durable memories.

14. What is elaborative rehearsal - give an example.
Is a type of rehearsal proposed by Craik and Lockhart in their Levels of Processing model of memory. In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple rote repetition, elaborative rehearsal involves deep semantic processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories. An example can be when i relate two acomplishments so it has more meaning.

15. Who developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
The levels of processing model of memory were put forward partly as a result of the criticism leveled at the multi-store model. It was developed by Craik and Lockhart, in the year 1972.


Bibliography:
http://www.psychology-lexicon.com/cms/glossary/glossary-d/deep-processing.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/ambart/PSY_325/Levels.htm
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch06_memory/criticisms_of_the_classic_three-box_model.html
http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/AtkinsonShifrin.html