Alzheimer’s Disease

The Alzheimer’s Disease is when there is partial or total loss of memory. There is still no cure for this disease but there is a medication that can slower the stages. Alzheimer is most common on older people when your are 65 years old the probabilities get higher. this are some common symptoms of Alzheimer disease.

“Common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease include:

• Impaired memory and thinking — The person has difficulty remembering things or learning new information. Long-term memory loss occurs when the person can’t remember personal information, such as his or her place of birth or occupation.
• Disorientation and confusion — People with Alzheimer’s disease might get lost when out on their own, and might not be able to remember where they are or how they got there. They also might not recognize previously familiar places and situations.
• Misplacing things — The person forgets where he or she put things used every day, such as glasses, hearing aids, keys, etc. The person also might put things in strange places, such as leaving their glasses in the refrigerator.
• Abstract thinking — People with Alzheimer’s disease might find certain tasks—such as balancing a checkbook—more difficult than usual. For example, they might forget what the numbers mean and what needs to be done with them.
• Trouble performing familiar tasks — The person begins to have difficulty performing daily tasks, such as eating, dressing, and grooming.
• Changes in personality and behavior — The person becomes unusually angry, irritable, restless, or quiet.
• Poor or decreased judgment — The person has difficulty making decisions and cannot grasp consequences.
• Inability to follow directions — The person has difficulty understanding simple commands or directions. The person might get lost easily and begin to wander.
• Problems with language and communication — The person can’t recall words or understand the meaning of common words.
• Impaired visuospatial skills — The person loses spatial abilities (the ability to judge shapes and sizes, and the relation of objects in space), and can’t arrange items in a certain order or recognize shapes.
• Social withdrawal — The person begins to spend more time alone and is less willing to interact with others.
• Loss of motivation or initiative — The person might become very passive and require prompting to become involved.” (http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/Alzheimers_Disease/hic_Symptoms_of_Alzheimers_Disease.aspx)

The video we saw in class showed the different stages that this dieaseas has. the first stage was a woman that was diagnose 2 month’s ago and se ant remember who was the president before Bush, she explains that se meets people and interacts which them but 10 min later she can’t remember their name. Later there is an example of another older woman that she wants to drive but really she cant remember the traffic sign’s, we also see an example of a old man who was a TV presenter and he died because of this ideas, he alusinated that he was in the TV show and we saw how he died.

The Language Of Emotion: Ad Slogans In Native Tongues Connect To Consumers' Emotions

Article 3 (The Language Of Emotion: Ad Slogans In Native Tongues Connect To Consumers' Emotions)

In this article the experiment is about how our language or how each language has and offensive side if you speak more than one language. Authors Stefano Puntoni, Bart de Langhe, and Stijn van Osselaer from Erasmus University, the Netherlands. They concluded that the native language of a person is more emotional that their second or third language. That the native language or their maternal language is the most expressive and emotional relating to messages expressed. But this depends on the persons memory and capacity of handling the language, the results of this experiment were in “the course of their study, the researchers found that the effect is more pronounced in women than in men. They believe that women have a stronger memory for emotional events than men”. This research can apply to real life because and example is my fiend she cant express her self when she is angry in english she has to saw everything in spanish, another example s when and english teacher explains a topic in class she or he express in english because they know spanish but they don't manage it well.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215111433.htm

The Memories You Want To Forget Are The Hardest Ones To Lose

Article 2 (The Memories You Want To Forget Are The Hardest Ones To Lose)

This article is about how we want to forget something that we saw but it is really hard and it keeps coming in our memory. Keith Payne, an assistant professor of psychology in the College of Arts and Sciences was the person that conducted this experiment. Another important thing that Payne said is that when our memory forgets about events or stuff like phone numbers or directions, our memory updates with new information. An example of one if when i get a bad grade on a math test I never forget about it, or when someone says a negative comment towards me it is really hard to forget. The results are in “Their results contrast with previous studies of emotional events and intentional forgetting, but those studies used emotion-laden words as stimuli, like "death" and "sex." The UNC study took a new approach, asking 218 participants to react to photographs instead of text.”

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070815105026.htm

New Understanding Of How We Remember Traumatic Events

Article 1 (New Understanding Of How We Remember Traumatic Events)
This article was by a Neuroscientists that preformed tis experiment at The University of Queensland he has discovered a new way to explain how emotional events can sometimes lead to disturbing long term memories. Dr. Louise Faber and some of her collages have demonstrated that people do not want to remember traumatic events with such detail so they have said that the formation of the emotional memories occur in the presence of a hormone that is known as the stress hormone. Stress hormones rise in the body during any neuroendocrine reaction such as surgery and they remain high to as long as 72 hours after which all these hormones return back to their normal level, the last being cortisol. It makes your heart beat faster. This treatment can now be used for people with anxiety disorders and post traumatic stress disorder. In real life we could use this treatment is we have had a emotions that we want to erase it from our long term memory, or if you had a car accident the stress hormone would be affected.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081028103111.htm

What Is Memory - How Does It Work?

1. Explain the concept of sensory memory.
Sensory memory contains information received immediately from a person since into the human brain.

2. Give an example of sensory memory.
When I’m eating my favorite food, or when in touching something and you only feel it for the moment.

3. What is the capacity of our sensory memory?
The capacity depends if it is visual sensory memory or auditory sensory memory, if it is ionic memory it lasts less than one second, and if it is echoic memory it lasts less than four seconds. The visual and auditory memory are the most frequently used but there are also the olfactory, the tactile and taste memories that are the less common.

4. Describe the concept of short-term memory.
The concept of short term memory is the capacity of holding small amount of information which are active but for a short period of time. This is also known as a stage of sensory memory.

5. What is the "magic number" as it relates to short-term memory and who conducted the experiment which established this measurement?
7 +/- 2 and George Miller conducted this experiment.

6. What is chunking?
Chunking is the process with which we can expand our ability to remember things in the short term. It is also a process by which a person organizes material into meaningful groups.

7. What has been determined to be the ideal size of "chunks" for both letters and numbers?
The chunking size for numbers is 3 to 4 and the chunking letters are 3


8. Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?
The most repayable is acoustic for the short term memory.
9. Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.
The capacity for storage is organized into schemas, long term memory also has a strong influence on perception through top-down processing, our prior knowledge affects how we perceive sensory information.

10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory was what presented the Sensory memory. There are two types of sensory memory the short term memory and the long term memory, but there also are two sensory memory systems the Iconic memory and the Echoic memory. The Iconic Memory: its capacity is the visual system the duration is about 0.5 to 1.0 second. The Echoic Memory its capacity is hearing and the duration is about 4 to 5 seconds, which it becomes the most relayable to the sensory memory. The short term memory the capacity is about 7+/- 2 chunks of information, the duration is about 18 to 20 seconds, and its function is to hold information in the short term memory part of the brain. The long term memory of the brain the function is to permantly store memory in which holds information for a long period of time. The capacity if unlimited and the duration it life time.

11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
1. The sensory stores are sensory systems, not memory systems as most people think of the term "memory." 2. The three-box model suggests that there is nothing in between short-term and long-term memory. However, evidence shows that information can reside somewhere between the extremes of active attention and long-term storage. Memories can be "warmed up" but outside of attention. In other words, intermediate levels of activation are possible. 3. The three-box model implies that there is just one short-term system and just one long-term system. In reality, there are many memory systems operating in parallel (for example, different systems for vision, language, and odor memory). Each has short-term and long-term operations. 4) The Atkinson-Shiffrin model does not give enough emphasis to unconscious processes. Unconscious activation is shown with a tentative, dotted arrow. Modern researchers find that unconscious and implicit forms of memory are more common than consciously directed memory processes.



12. Explain the Levels of Processing Model of memory.
Shallow processing refers to a mode of thinking about material. In it, one pays attention only to appearances and other superficial aspects of the material. Shallow processing typically leads to poor memory retention, and the second level Deep processing refers to a process that can help retrieve information from long-term memory. The Deep processing is better that the shallow processing because the deep processing is more efficient that the shallow processing.

13. What is maintenance rehearsal - give an example.
Is a type of rehearsal proposed by Craik and Lockhart in their Levels of Processing Model of memory. Maintenance rehearsal involves rote repetition of an item's auditory representation. In contrast to elaborative rehearsal, this type of rehearsal does not lead to stronger or more durable memories.

14. What is elaborative rehearsal - give an example.
Is a type of rehearsal proposed by Craik and Lockhart in their Levels of Processing model of memory. In contrast to maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple rote repetition, elaborative rehearsal involves deep semantic processing of a to-be-remembered item resulting in the production of durable memories. An example can be when i relate two acomplishments so it has more meaning.

15. Who developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
The levels of processing model of memory were put forward partly as a result of the criticism leveled at the multi-store model. It was developed by Craik and Lockhart, in the year 1972.


Bibliography:
http://www.psychology-lexicon.com/cms/glossary/glossary-d/deep-processing.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/ambart/PSY_325/Levels.htm
http://www.psywww.com/intropsych/ch06_memory/criticisms_of_the_classic_three-box_model.html
http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/AtkinsonShifrin.html

VIDEO How Does Your Memory Work?

This video was shocking to me because in the first part it talks about how childhood amnesia affects adulthood. Also how your memory shapes your personality. I learned that the babies they are not conceit that they exits as with the experiment with the paint in their nose the babies all touche the mirror instead of their nose. Later in the video they show us that some of the children do what the professor is waiting them to to, touch their nose that has paint. Also how the same two kids passes both of the experiments they were the oldest. the second experiment also was shocking knowing that only two of the children remembered where was the lion. when the video introduced us the man I thought he was in perfect conditions but he wasn’t he was born prematurely and that affected his memory, it felt horrifying knowing that you do actions and can’t remember or something that you have just seen. It was also impacting when the 16 people are experimented in the scanner and the brain does the same when it remembers actions that have occurred and dreams about the future. Also i learned that until we are 25 our brain is completely developed, and also how “propane” a drug helped tone dow he memory. In conclusion this video had me reflect about our memory and how others can influence in our memories.